Identification, Images, & Information
For Insects, Spiders & Their Kin
For the United States & Canada

Species Papilio cresphontes - Giant Swallowtail

Giant Swallowtail pupa - Papilio cresphontes Giant swallowtail cat - Papilio cresphontes giant swallowtail caterpillar - papilio cresphontes - Papilio cresphontes Giant Swallowtail 5th instar caterpillars - Papilio cresphontes Giant Swallowtail Caterpillar - Papilio cresphontes Snake?? - Papilio cresphontes Giant Swallowtail Caterpillar - Papilio cresphontes
Show images of: caterpillars · adults · both
Classification
Kingdom Animalia (Animals)
Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)
Class Insecta (Insects)
Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)
Superfamily Papilionoidea (Butterflies (excluding skippers))
Family Papilionidae (Swallowtails, Parnassians)
Subfamily Papilioninae
Genus Papilio
Species cresphontes (Giant Swallowtail)
Other Common Names
Orange Dog (larva in southern orange groves)
Synonyms and other taxonomic changes
Heraclides cresphontes--a split from genus Papilio
Size
83-140 mm wingspan
Identification
Adult: "Black with a yellow X on the front wing and basal and subapical bands on the hind wing. Distinguished from P. thoas by the larger spots forming in the lower left leg of the X on the front wing. This is the largest butterfly in the United States and Canada."(1)

Larva: brown or blackish with pale cream or whitish saddle in middle, and large cream patch on tail, imitating bird poop in coloration; when disturbed, extends orange-red osmeteria from behind head and emits sour unpleasant odor
Range
Central America, Mexico, and across southern United States, northeastern US, and southern Ontario; strays north rarely to Nova Scotia, Quebec, Manitoba, and North Dakota
Habitat
open woodlands and nearby fields, rocky and sandy hillsides near streams or gullies in the north; pine flats, towns, and citrus groves in the south
Season
adults fly all year in the far south; two flights in the north from May to September
Food
larvae feed on leaves of Citrus species, Common Pricklyash (Zanthoxylum americanum), and Common Hoptree (Ptelea trifoliata)
adults take flower nectar from a variety of herbaceous plants and shrubs
Life Cycle
eggs are laid singly on host leaves and twigs; at least two generations per year; overwinters in pupa stage inside a chrysalis
See Also
Thoas Swallowtail (Papilio thoas)has western distribution and smaller spots in lower outside leg of "X" on upperside of forewing
Schaus' Swallowtail (Papilio aristodemus, - rare, S. Florida only) has narrower pale band.
Print References
Arnett & Jacques (1)
Internet References
pinned adult image plus description, biology, larval and adult food, US distribution map (Butterflies and Skippers of North America, nearctica.com)
live images of all life stages plus description, larval foodplants, distribution, flight season, habitat (Butterflies of Canada, CBIF)
Works Cited
1.Simon & Schuster's Guide to Insects
By Dr. Ross H. Arnett, Dr. Richard L. Jacques

Palilio cresphontes (Giant Swallowtail) vs. Papilio thoas
Check out this excellent article by David Ferguson: http://bugguide.net/node/view/157023

Rue-Cresphontes Monitoring Opportunity
In the past five years, my working-class neighborhood in Baltimore City has increasingly become home to a considerable number of hispanic families from various countries.

Like all newly settled immigrants, these new arrivals have brought culturally significant plants with them. The Ruta graveolens being grown by the Honduran-American family next door provides a case in point.

As a gardener with an Appalachian heritage, I was not familiar with this plant until my neighbors moved in. Now when I see it growing in a yard, it is a sure sign that a latino family resides therein.

Last year, I bought two plants for my back garden when I learned that it can be a host plant for two Papilio species. Of particular interest to my butterfly gardening activities was learning that the larvae of the Giant Swallowtail can grow on the introduced rue. [All other hostplants are too big for this space.]

Although I have never observed the Giant Swallowtail in my local park, I want[ed] to be ready for its arrival in my garden if it ever shows up. And, it should, right?

Afterall, the current trend favors a stronger latino presence in Baltimore and my neighborhood as more move in... so in the short term, the same trend favors that the numbers of Rue plants will increase, as well.

The question is: Will reports of Giant Swallowtail sightings increase in urban and suburban areas of the U.S. where hispanic people settle?

It seems that we are in the midst of a culturally-significant plant species introduction process that should be monitored so we can learn more about how it happens. If we do, we may gain a better understanding of how this process works which may us reconstruct how other culturally significant plants such as the dandelion and garlic mustard got started on this continent?!