Identification, Images, & Information
For Insects, Spiders & Their Kin
For the United States & Canada

Species Polistes dominula - European Paper Wasp


Natural History and Evolution of Paper-Wasps (Oxford Science Publications)
By Stefano Turillazzi, Mary Jane West-Eberhard
Oxford University Press, 1996

The Social Wasps of the Americas Excluding the Vespinae
By Richards, O.W.
British Museum (Natural History), 1978
vii + 580 pp. and 4 colour plates. Provides keys to all the genera and species of New World Polistinae. Keys are poorly illustrated and in many cases only useful for experts. Key to Polistes difficult to use because it also includes the numerous Central and South American species. Separation of females of the widespread, hypervariable P. fuscatus from related species often inaccurate. Key to Polistes males does not work for most species.

Identification Atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the Northeastern Nearctic Region
By Matthias Buck, Stephen A. Marshall, and David K. B. Cheung
Biological Survey of Canada [Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification], 2008
The Atlas covers the northeastern part of the North American continent (south to Virginia, west to the Ontario/Manitoba border, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois and Kentucky). Ninety-two established and six adventitious species are covered by 13 keys from the subfamily to the species level. Keys are accompanied by 437 Figures (mostly high resolution colour photographs) illustrating all important diagnostic characters. Species pages include a set of standard images (636 colour photographs in total) showing lateral and dorsal aspects as well as male and female heads, complemented by images of live specimens where available (many provided by Bugguide contributors!). The variation, distribution and biology of every species is discussed. The work is accompanied by a glossary of scientific terms, and morphological structures are furthermore illustrated in a separate Morphology section. The Atlas is designed both for the amateur and the professional user. With 492 pages, 3 Tables and 1073 Figures (PDF version). An electronic paper published in the Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 5 (19 February 2008). ISSN 1911-2173. Provided in HTML and PDF format. Available online (free access) at http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/ejournal/ejournal.html.

Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
By Karl V. Krombein, Paul D. Hurd, Jr., David R. Smith, and B. D. Burks
Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979
Available online at Internet Archive:
Volume 1
Volume 2
Volume 3 (index)

Wasp Farm
By Howard Ensign Evans
Comstock Publishing, 1963
Essays and life history observations.

Winter World: The Ingenuity of Animal Survival
By Bernd Heinrich
Harper Perennial, 2009
Reprint edition of original 2002 hardcover edition which can be purchased via Amazon.com via private sellers here.

This is a fascinating book which deals with how animals prepare, adapt, and survive freezing temperatures. Although bird, mammal and amphibian species are also covered, there is plenty of information on arthropod winter survival strategies.

Keys to the insects of the Far East of the USSR, Vol. 2. Homoptera and Heteroptera
By Lehr, P. A., ed.
Leningrad, Nauka Publishing House, 1988

Insect Life and Insect Natural History
By S. W. Frost
Dover Publications, Inc., 1959