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Species Polygonia comma - Eastern Comma - Hodges#4421

Eastern Comma - Polygonia comma - male Eastern Comma - Lateral - Polygonia comma A butterfly - Polygonia comma Nymphalidae: Polygonia comma - Polygonia comma butterfly by vernal pool - Polygonia comma Comma / Questionmark - Polygonia comma species? for comma - Polygonia comma Pennsylvania Caterpillar - Polygonia comma
Show images of: caterpillars · adults · both
Classification
Kingdom Animalia (Animals)
Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)
Subphylum Hexapoda (Hexapods)
Class Insecta (Insects)
Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)
Superfamily Papilionoidea (Butterflies and Skippers)
Family Nymphalidae (Brush-footed Butterflies)
Subfamily Nymphalinae (Crescents, Checkerspots, Anglewings, etc.)
Tribe Nymphalini
Genus Polygonia (Commas, Question Mark)
Species comma (Eastern Comma - Hodges#4421)
Hodges Number
4421
Other Common Names
Comma
Comma Anglewing
American Comma
Hop Merchant
Size
Wingspan 4.5-6.4 cm
Identification
Similar to the Question Mark, but smaller, and usually less common. Occurs in similar habitats. "Comma" mark on lower hind wing is large, often a little curved, and hooked at least on one end (usually both); only very rarely is it divided (if so, usually on "plain" females). On some other species the mark is "L"-shaped and not hooked, and on Question Mark it is usually devided into a large and small portion to make the "question mark" it is named for. On upper forewing of Question Mark, there is a row of four dark "postmedian" spots, but only three in the Comma and other Polygonia species. Ragged edge of hindwing is distinctive compared to Question Mark, where hindwing is fairly straight. Both species have winter and summer forms, with the lighter form overwintering and seen flying mostly in autumn and spring and the darker form mostly seen in summer (some individuals fly at the wrong time or are intermediate in coloring though).

The Satyr (P. satyrus) is very similar, but the color above is usually more yellowish with larger less well-defined light submarginal spots. It has no dark summer form. Below the comma mark is usually larger and the markings are less irregular with the zones of coloring more straight-edged. It is mostly found further north and west, but the two species overlap and can fly together in some areas.

The Faun or Green Comma (P. faunus) tends to be found in higher elevations, further north, and further west, but is confusingly similar when the two are together. Even though it has no dark summer form, it usually has the outer parts of the wings mostly rather dark in color, but with contasting lighter spots. It has the wing margin more irregular and the pattern more broken and irregular-looking (especially below). Usually (except in some plain females) there is much more and more distinct green to bluish coloring near the margin of the underside. The overall impression below is of a somewhat "checkered" pattern with lots of green near the margin. In the Question Mark, Comma and Satyr the underside pattern looks more banded, usually in warm shades of brownish, with the green present but not very noticeable.

The remaining species all have the comma mark below smaller and "L"-shaped, with the underside pattern more blackish or gray, and looking striated with narrow parallel lines.
Of these, only the Gray Comma - P. progne has about the same distribution and has a dark summer form. It has smaller pale dots on the hind wing that almost always show up well even in the dark form, and usually has smaller black spots on the front wing. The hind wing usually has less dark pattern in the basal half. However, they can be very hard to tell apart if just seen from above.
The other "gray" species mostly have larger less well-defined submarginal pale spots above, and are more likely to be confused with P. satyrus (and mostly occur further north or west).

Comma (left); Question Mark (middle); Gray Comma (right):
Range
e. US to Great Plains - Map (MPG)
Habitat
Deciduous woodlands and edges, usually near water.
Season
Typically October/November and March-April (fall form, overwinters), May-September (summer form). Fall form may emerge on warm winter days.
Food
Larvae feed primarily on Hops (Humulus) and Nettles (Urtica, but also False Nettle (Boehmeria), Wood Nettle (Laportea), Elm (Ulmus), and probably other members of families Urticaceae and Ulmaceae.
Adults take fluids from damp sand, rotting fruit, sap (especially), but only rarely nectar from flowers.
Life Cycle
Two broods. Overwinters as adults, mostly of lighter color form.
See
See Also
Print References
Glassberg (1)
Brock and Kaufman (2)
Scott (3)
Allen (4)
Works Cited
1.Butterflies Through Binoculars: The East
Jeffrey Glassberg. 1999. Oxford University Press.
2.Butterflies of North America (Kaufman Focus Guides)
Jim P. Brock, Kenn Kaufman. 2003. Houghton Mifflin Co.
3.The Butterflies of North America: A Natural History and Field Guide
James A. Scott. 1992. Stanford University Press.
4.The Butterflies of West Virginia and Their Caterpillars
Thomas J. Allen. 1998. University of Pittsburgh Press.