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Family Eucnemidae - False Click Beetles
Classification Kingdom Animalia (Animals)
Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)
Subphylum Hexapoda (Hexapods)
Class Insecta (Insects)
Order Coleoptera (Beetles)
Suborder Polyphaga
No Taxon (Series Elateriformia)
Superfamily Elateroidea
Family Eucnemidae (False Click Beetles)
Other Common Names Eucnemid Beetles
Pronunciation yook-NEM-ih-dee
Synonyms and other taxonomic changes Melasidae (includes Phylloceridae, Perothopidae, and Anischiidae)
Explanation of Names Eucnemidae Eschscholtz 1829
Numbers >100 spp. in our area, ~2000 total; numerous additions to our fauna may be expected, esp. in FL and along the south border
7 out of 10 subfamilies and 14 out of 29 tribes are represented in our area (1)
Family EUCNEMIDAE Eschscholtz, 1829
Subfamily PEROTHOPINAE Lacordaire, 1857
Genus Perothops Eschscholtz, 1838
Perothops muscidus (Gyllenhal, 1817)
Subfamily PHYLLOCERINAE Reitter, 1905
Tribe Anelastini Reitter, 1921
Genus Anelastes Kirby, 1818
Anelastes drurii Kirby, 1818 - Type Synonymized Type (A. latreillei)
Subfamily SCHIZOPHILINAE Muona, 1993
Genus Schizophilus Bonvouloir, 1871
Subfamily PALAEOXENINAE Muona, 1993
Genus Palaeoxenus Horn, 1891
Subfamily MELASINAE Fleming, 1821
Tribe Melasini Fleming, 1821
Genus Isorhipis Boisduval & Lacordaire, 1835
Isorhipis nubila (Bonvouloir, 1871)
Genus Melasis Olivier, 1790
Melasis tsugae Hopping, 1926
Tribe Hylocharini Jacquelin du Val, 1859
Genus Hylochares Laporte, 1834
Tribe Xylobiini Reitter, 1911
Genus Xylophilus Mannerheim, 1823
Tribe Epiphanini Muona, 1993
Genus Epiphanis Eschscholtz, 1829
Epiphanis cornutus Eschschultz, 1829 - Type Synonymized Type (E. cristatus)
Genus Hylis des Gozis, 1866
Tribe Dirhagini Reitter, 1911
Genus Protofarsus Muona, 1993
Genus Arrhipis Bonvouloir, 1871
Arrhipis lanieri (Guérin-Méneville, 1843)
Genus Entomophthalmus Bonvouloir, 1871
Genus Rhagomicrus Fleutiaux, 1902
Genus Golbachia Cobos, 1955
Genus Adelothyreus Chevrolat, 1867
Genus Microrhagus Dejean, 1833
Microrhagus subsinuatus LeConte, 1852 - Type; 2nd Type Synonymized Type (D. imperfectus)
Microrhagus vulcanicus Wickham - Extinct, Miocene Florissant fossil in Colorado
Genus Dirrhagofarsus Fleutiaux, 1935 - five adventive
Dirrhagofarsus ernae Otto, Muona & McClarin 2014
Genus Sarpedon Bonvouloir, 1871
Subfamily EUCNEMINAE Eschscholtz, 1829
Tribe Proutianini Muona, 1993
Genus Proutianus Muona, 1993
Tribe Dendrocharini Fleutiaux, 1920
Genus Dendrocharis Guérin-Méneville, 1843
Dendrocharis flavicornis (Guérin-Méneville, 1843)
Tribe Mesogenini Muona, 1993
Genus Vitellius Bonvouloir, 1871
Genus Stethon LeConte, 1866
Tribe Eucnemini Eschscholtz, 1829
Genus Eucnemis Ahrens, 1812
Genus Idiotarsus Bonvouloir, 1871
Subfamily MACRAULACINAE Fleutiaux, 1922
Tribe Echthrogasterini Cobos, 1964
Genus Hemiopsida MacLeay, 1872
Tribe Euryptychini Mamaev, 1976
Genus Euryptychus LeConte, 1852
Tribe Macraulacini Fleutiaux, 1902
Genus Diphytaxis Horn, 1890
Genus Onichodon Newman, 1838
Genus Serrifornax Fleutiaux, 1926
Genus Fornax Laporte, 1835
Fornax bicolor (Melsheimer, 1844)
Fornax relictus Wickham - Extinct, Miocene Florissant fossil in Colorado
Genus Isarthrus LeConte, 1852
Isarthrus calceatus (Say, 1836) - Type Synonymized Type (I. spretus)
Isarthrus rufipes (Melsheimer, 1844)
Genus Absensiugum Otto, Muona & Cordoba-Alfaro, 2023
Absensiugum teres (Horn, 1886) - Type; 2nd Type Synonymized Type (N. pavidus)
Genus Dromaeolus Kiesenwetter, 1858
Dromaeolus badius (Melsheimer, 1844)
Dromaeolus salsus Bonvouloir, 1871
Genus Asiocnemis Mamaev, 1976
Genus Thambus Bonvouloir, 1871
Thambus horni Muona, 2000 - Type Replaced name (D. pusillus)
Genus Deltometopus Bonvouloir, 1871
Deltometopus fossilis Wickham - Extinct, Miocene Florissant fossil in Colorado
Tribe Nematodini Leiler, 1976
Genus Nematodes Berthold, 1827
Genus Trigonopleurus Bonvouloir, 1871
Trigonopleurus cordobaalfaroi Otto, 2024
Identification ADULTS: in Eucnemidae antennomere 2 is attached subterminally to the scape (vs apically in Elateridae
Range All continents except for Antarctica; most diverse in the tropical and subtropical regions
Habitat woodlands/forests, especially with a diverse structure, adults in tree canopy and on/under bark, larvae in moist dead wood, hard seasoned wood or in soil near the roots of dead/dying trees (with fungi usually present)
Season in s.US adults may be seen as early as March; in the Pacific Northwest, as early as April; in Upper Midwest, NE and lower sections of w.NA, since mid-May/early Jun
Food Larvae may be feeding on fungal mycelia in wood. Larvae bore across the grain. (3)
Life Cycle Some species undergo a hypermetamorphic lifecycle, with a first instar being a free-living non-parasitic triungulin. It will molt into a completely different larval form later on. Some fifth instar larvae will transition into a prepupal stage, before entering the pupal stage.
Some eucnemid larvae, espcially those similar to elaterid larvae have been observed to bore along the grain of the wood. Other larvae (buprestiform), on the other hand have been known to cut across the grain of the wood, hence the name cross-grain borers. In all observations, these immature beetles are usually found within two to three inches from the surface in the sapwood.
Most Nearctic eucnemid species overwinter as larvae and continue development in the following spring. Many species complete development in one to two years. Some will complete it in three years. Pupal cells are constructed near the surface and larvae have been seen doubled-up in a u-shaped position. Timing in their development hinges on the availability of food sources, moisture and temperature and may arrest its development until suitable conditions are met.
Remarks The term false click beetle is a misnomer, many eucnemids can click. ―Robert Otto, 3.v.2008
exclusive hosts of Vanhorniidae(4)
See Also Cerophytidae · Throscidae · Elateridae · Melandryidae (esp. Enchodes, Orchesia and Rushia)
Print References see (5) for new records not yet reflected in the Guide
Works Cited 1. | Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta) Bouchard P, Bousquet Y, Davies A, Alonso-Zarazaga M, Lawrence JF, Lyal CH, Newton A, Reid CA, Schmitt M, Ślipiński SA, Smith A. 2011. ZooKeys 88: 1–972. | |
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