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Order Psocodea - Barklice, Booklice, and Parasitic Lice
Classification Kingdom Animalia (Animals)
Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)
Class Insecta (Insects)
Order Psocodea (Barklice, Booklice, and Parasitic Lice)
Synonyms and other taxonomic changes Barklice formerly were their own order, Psocoptera, and this guide page is devoted to them. The parasitic lice were formerly placed in a separate order, Phthiraptera, or in two orders: Mallophaga (chewing lice) and Anoplura (sucking lice). See Tree of Life for the current understanding of relationships among these groups. Explanation of Names Psocoptera: A combination of unrelated Greek words, psokos, meaning "rubbed small", i.e., "gnawed", perhaps referring to manner of eating, plus pteron wing (1). Numbers Arnett (1) lists 28 families, 78 genera, 288 species for North America.
Borror et al. (2) list 69 genera, 280 species for the United States. Size typically 1.5-5 mm, rarely smaller than 1 mm, up to 10 mm Identification body soft, oval
typically pale or dusky in coloration
thorax enlarged, giving a hump-backed appearance
antennae long, thread-like ( setaceous), typically one-half length of body or even longer than body
antennae with 12-20 or more segments
wings typically present (may be reduced or absent), when present, held roof-like over body, front wings larger than hind wings
wings membranous, with few cross veins
legs not highly modified, tarsi with 2-3 segments
Nymphs resemble adults and often found with them. Food Bark lice feed on lichens and fungi on tree bark. Book lice are best known for feeding on the starch in book bindings. Life Cycle Psocopterans undergo simple metamorphosis (specifically, gradual metamorphosis, i.e., they are paurometabolous): the eggs hatch into nymphs that are wingless, but otherwise similar to adults. Adults may or may not have wings (1) (2). Remarks NOTE:Below is a draft overview of the order based on Classification of Psocoptera with checklist of genera compiled by Charles LIENHARD (classification somewhat simplified).
Suborder TROGIOMORPHA
Infraorder ATROPETAE
Subfamily THYLACELLINAE
Genera Thylacella Enderlein 1911
Subfamily PERIENTOMINAE
Genera Proentomum Badonnel 1949, Soa Enderlein 1904
Subfamily LEPIDOPSOCINAE
Genera Echmepteryx Aaron 1886
Subfamily ECHINOPSOCINAE
Genera Neolepolepis Mockford 1993, Pteroxanium Enderlein 1922
Genera Cerobasis Kolbe 1882, Lepinotus Heyden 1850, Myrmicodipnella Enderlein 1909, Trogium Illiger 1798
Family PSOQUILLIDAE
Genera Balliella Badonnel 1949, Psoquilla Hagen 1865, Rhyopsocus Hagen 1876
Infraorder PSOCATHROPETAE
Genera Dorypteryx Aaron 1883, Pseudorypteryx Garcia Aldrete 1984, Psocathropos Ribaga 1899, Psyllipsocus Selys-Longchamps 1872
Family PRIONOGLARIDAE
Genera Speleketor Gurney 1943
Suborder TROCTOMORPHA
Infraorder AMPHIENTOMETAE
Genera Lithoseopsis Mockford 1993, Stimulopalpus Enderlein 1906
Infraorder NANOPSOCETAE
Genera Belaphotroctes Roesler 1943, Embidopsocus Hagen 1866, Liposcelis Motschulsky 1852
Family PACHYTROCTIDAE
Genera Nanopsocus Pearman 1928, Pachytroctes Enderlein 1905, Tapinella Enderlein 1908
Suborder PSOCOMORPHA
Infraorder EPIPSOCETAE
Genera Bertkauia Kolbe 1882
Infraorder CAECILIUSETAE
Family ASIOPSOCIDAE
Genera Asiopsocus Günther 1968
Genera Caecilius Curtis 1837, Maoripsocus Tillyard 1923, Valenzuela Navás 1924, Xanthocaecilius Mockford 1989
Genera Graphopsocus Kolbe 1880
Genera Polypsocus Hagen 1866
Genera Teliapsocus Chapman 1930
Infraorder HOMILOPSOCIDEA
Genera Anomopsocus Roesler 1940, Lachesilla Westwood 1840, Nanolachesilla Mockford and Sullivan 1986, Prolachesilla Mockford and Sullivann 1986
Genera Ectopsocopsis Badonnel 1955, Ectopsocus McLachlan 1899
Genera Kaestneriella Roesler 1943, Peripsocus Hagen 1866
Genera Trichopsocus Kolbe 1882
Family ARCHIPSOCIDAE
Genera Archipsocopsis Badonell 1948, Archipsocus Hagen 1882
Genera Ophiodopelma Enderlein 1908, Pseudocaecilius Enderlein 1903
Genera Aaroniella Mockford 1951, Philotarsus Kolbe 1880
Subfamily ELIPSOCINAE
Genera Cuneopalpus Badonnel 1943, Elipsocus Hagen 1866
Subfamily PSEUDOPSOCINAE
Genera Palmicola Mockford 1955, Reuterella Enderlein 1903
Subfamily PROPSOCINAE
Genera Propsocus McLachlan 1866
Subfamily NEPIOMORPHINAE
Genera Nepiomorpha Pearman 1936
Genera Mesopsocus Kolbe 1880
Infraorder PSOCETAE
Genera Hemipsocus Selys-Longchamps 1872
Subfamily AMPHIGERONTIINAE
Genera Amphigerontia Kolbe 1880, Blaste Kolbe 1883, Blastopsocus Roesler 1943
Subfamily PSOCINAE
Genera Atropsocus Mockford 1993, Camelopsocus Mockford 1965, Cerastipsocus Kolbe 1884, Hyalopsocus Roesler 1954, Indiopsocus Mockford 1974, Loensia Enderlein 1924, Metylophorus Pearman 1932, Psocus Latreille 1794, Ptycta Enderlein 1925, Steleops Enderlein 1910, Trichadenotecnum Enderlein 1909
Genera Lichenomima Enderlein 1910, Myopsocus Hagen 1866
Print References Arnett, Order 17, pp. 213-227 (1)
Borror et al. An Introduction to the Study of Insects (2) |
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