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Full PDF (in B&W) - Discussion of VINDEX group starts on page 83.

Edmonds, W.D. 1994. Revision of Phanaeus Macleay, a New World genus of Scarabaeine dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Contributions in Science 443: 1-105, 360 figs.

ABSTRACT. This study is a revision of the genus Phanaeus as defined by Edmonds (1972). The introduction includes a history of the genus, a key separating it from related genera, a discussion of taxonomic characters and primary type material, a summary of the biology and geography of the genus, and conclusions about its evolution. The systematic section treats 48 species and subspecies in two subgenera, one of which, Notiophanaeus, is new. Notiophanaeus comprises five species groups embracing 15 mostly South American species. Phanaeus, sen. str., includes 31 species and subspecies arranged in eight species groups. Keys separate subgenera, species groups, species, and subspecies. [snip]

A list of all known available names and a previously established synonymy are included in the introduction. Geographical distribution data for all species and subspecies are contained in the appendix.
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