Identification, Images, & Information
For Insects, Spiders & Their Kin
For the United States & Canada

Superfamily Coccoidea - Scales and Mealybugs


An annotated key to the families of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of America, North of Mexico...
By Howell J.O., Williams M.L.
Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 69: 181‒189, 1976
Full title: An annotated key to the families of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of America, North of Mexico, based on characteristics of the adult female
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Morphology and taxonomy of the adult males of Pseudococcidae and Eriococcidae (Homoptera : Coccoidea)
By S.A. Afifi
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, Supplement, 13, 1–210 , 1968

The visual system of male scale insects
By Elke K. Buschbeck and Martin Hauser
Science of Nature 96(3):365-74, 2009

The California species of mealy bugs
By Gordon Floyd Ferris
Stanford University Publications, University Series. Palo Alto, 1918

A Systematic Catalogue of the Mealybugs of the World
By Yair Ben-Dov
Athenaeum Press, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1994
Full title:
A Systematic Catalogue of the Mealybugs of the World (Insecta, Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae and Putoidae): With Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology, and Economic Importance.

A study of the scale insect genera Puto ... and Ceroputo ...
By D.J. Williams, P.J. Gullan, D.R. Miller, D. Matile-Ferrero, and S.I. Han
Zootaxa 2802: 1-22, 2011
D.J. Williams, P.J. Gullan, D.R. Miller, D. Matile-Ferrero, and S.I. Han, A study of the scale insect genera Puto Signoret (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Putoidae) and Ceroputo Šulc (Pseudococcidae) with a comparison to Phenacoccus Cockerell (Pseudococcidae), Zootaxa 2802: 1-22, 2011.

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A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males
By Chris Hodgson and Imre Foldi
Zootaxa, Vol. 1263: 1-250, 2006
Chris Hodgson and Imre Foldi, A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males, Zootaxa 1263: 1-250 (17 Jul. 2006).

Valuable reference on the males of the following families:

Ortheziidae
Matsucoccidae
Margarodidae
Xylococcidae
Kuwaniidae
Callipappildae
Marchalinidae

Selected scale insect groups in the southern region of the United States
By Douglass R. Miller
Florida Entomologist, 88(4):482-501, 2005