Species Photinus immaculatus

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Lloyd, J.E. 1966. Studies on the flash communication system in Photinus fireflies. Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 130: 1-95.

Abstract (part):

The purpose of this study is to establish a foundation of general knowledge on firefly mating behavior; such general information should pinpoint species best suited for studies on the role of flash signals in reproductive isolation. The approach is a comparative study of mating behavior in several closely related species. The genus Photinus was selected because of: (1) a relatively large number of species in eastern North America, (2) terrestrial rather than arboreal habits, and (3) apparent simplicity of function of the flashing in adults.

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Buschman, L. 2016. Field Guide to Western North American Fireflies. 33 pgs.

This Field Guide is intended for those who would like to identify the different fireflies in Western North America. This guide covers the most common firefly species and is not intended to include all known species since many of them are uncommon (the uncommon species are considered in the last section).

North America is blessed with ca. 200 hundred species of Lampyrids. This Field Guide will focus on the flashing fireflies. However, I will present the most common “Glowwarms” (Lampyrids (females) that glow from the ground) and the “Dark Fireflies” (non-glowing Lampyrids).