Identification, Images, & Information
For Insects, Spiders & Their Kin
For the United States & Canada

Family Lycaenidae - Blues, Coppers, Hairstreaks, Harvesters


A Field Guide to the Butterflies of North America, East of the Great Plains
By Alexander B. Klots
Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. xvi + 349 pp., 1951
Published only a few years after the Lepidopterists' Society formed (1947), this field guide contained the first published reports of a number of new U.S. records.

Klots, A.B. 1951. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of North America, East of the Great Plains. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. xvi + 349 pp.

A new subgenus and species of Callophrys (s.l.) from the Southwestern United States (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidea)
By P.R. Ehrlich and H.K. Clench
Entomological News Philadelphia, Vol. 71, No. 6, pp. 137-141, 1960

Observations on the life history of Callophrys xami (Lycaenidae)
By J. Benjamin Ziegler & Tarsicio Escalante
Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 1964
PDF

A butterfly with olive green eyes discovered in the United States and the Neotropics (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini)
By Robert Robbins, Jeffrey Glassberg
ZooKeys, 2013
Volume 305, pp. 1-20

Complete article available for free on-line here.

Celastrina serotina (Lycaenidae: Polyommatinae): a New Butterfly Species from the Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada.
By Pavulaan, H. & D.M. Wright
The Taxonomic Report of The International Lepidoptera Survey. 6(6): 1-19
Pavulaan, Harry & David M. Wright, 2005. Celastrina serotina (Lycaenidae: Polyommatinae): a New Butterfly Species from the Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada. The Taxonomic Report of The International Lepidoptera Survey. 6(6): 1-19.

Abstract and PDF here.

What Azure blues occur in Canada? A re-assessment of Celastrina Tutt species (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)
By Schmidt, B. Christian & Ross A. Layberry
ZooKeys 584: 135–164, 2016
Abstract and PDF download at ZooKeys here

Schmidt BC, Layberry RA (2016) What Azure blues occur in Canada? A re-assessment of Celastrina Tutt species (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). ZooKeys 584: 135–164. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.584.7882

A case of sympatric Celastrina ladon (Cramer), Celastrina lucia (W. Kirby) and Celastrina neglecta (Edwards) (Lycaenidae: Polyom
By Pavulaan, Harry
The Taxonomic Report of The International Lepidoptera Survey. 7(7): 1–10., 2014
Pavulaan, H. 2014. A case of sympatric Celastrina ladon (Cramer), Celastrina lucia (W. Kirby) and Celastrina neglecta (Edwards) (Lycaenidae: Polyommatinae) in Northern Virginia, with additional records of C. lucia in Virginia. The Taxonomic Report of The International Lepidoptera Survey. 7(7): 1–10.

Read online here. Abstract and PDF [url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270161538_A_case_of_sympatric_Celastrina_ladon_Cramer_Celastrina_lucia_W_Kirby_and_Celastrina_neglecta_Edwards_Lyca

Additional taxonomic refinements suggested by genomic analysis of butterflies.
By Zhang, J., Q. Cong, J. Shen, L. Song, P.A. Opler and N.V. Grishin
Taxonomic Report of the international Lepidoptera Survey 11(1): 1-25, 22 figs., 2023
Link to download - Zenoobo

Zhang, Jing, Qian Cong, Jinhui Shen, Leina Song, Paul Alexander Opler and Nikolay Vyacheslav Grishin. 2023. Additional taxonomic refinements suggested by genomic analysis of butterflies. Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 11(1): 1-25, 22 figs.

Abstract:

Comparative analyses of genomic data reveal further insights into the phylogeny and taxonomic classification of butterflies presented here. As a result, 2 new subgenera and 2 new species of Hesperiidae are described: Borna Grishin, subgen.