Cecidomyiidae, spent leaf galls - Asteromyia carbonifera Plymouth Rock, Winneshiek County, Iowa, USA
August 18, 2010: collected a few leaf spot galls on Stiff goldenrod, Solidago rigida
Later (sorry): found no flies and 3 wasps, 1 emergent hole in each of 3 leaves
This was the first and only time wasps emerged from these galls for me, usually flies or nothing.
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