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Family Eucnemidae - False Click Beetles
Classification Kingdom Animalia (Animals)
Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)
Subphylum Hexapoda (Hexapods)
Class Insecta (Insects)
Order Coleoptera (Beetles)
Suborder Polyphaga
No Taxon (Series Elateriformia)
Superfamily Elateroidea
Family Eucnemidae (False Click Beetles)
Pronunciation yook-NEM-ih-dee Synonyms and other taxonomic changes Melasidae (includes Phylloceridae, Perothopidae, and Anischiidae) Explanation of Names Eucnemidae Eschscholtz 1829 Numbers >100 spp. in our area, ~2000 total; numerous additions to our fauna may be expected, esp. in FL and along the south border
7 out of 10 subfamilies and 14 out of 29 tribes are represented in our area (1)
Family EUCNEMIDAE Eschscholtz, 1829
Subfamily PEROTHOPINAE Lacordaire, 1857
Genus Perothops Eschscholtz, 1838
Perothops muscidus (Gyllenhal, 1817)
Subfamily PHYLLOCERINAE Reitter, 1905
Tribe Anelastini Reitter, 1921
Genus Anelastes Kirby, 1818
Anelastes drurii Kirby, 1818 - Type Synonymized Type (A. latreillei)
Subfamily SCHIZOPHILINAE Muona, 1993
Genus Schizophilus Bonvouloir, 1871
Subfamily PALAEOXENINAE Muona, 1993
Genus Palaeoxenus Horn, 1891
Subfamily MELASINAE Fleming, 1821
Tribe Melasini Fleming, 1821
Genus Isorhipis Boisduval & Lacordaire, 1835
Isorhipis nubila (Bonvouloir, 1871)
Genus Melasis Olivier, 1790
Melasis tsugae Hopping, 1926
Tribe Hylocharini Jacquelin du Val, 1859
Genus Hylochares Laporte, 1834
Tribe Xylobiini Reitter, 1911
Genus Xylophilus Mannerheim, 1823
Tribe Epiphanini Muona, 1993
Genus Epiphanis Eschscholtz, 1829
Epiphanis cornutus Eschschultz, 1829 - Type Synonymized Type (E. cristatus)
Genus Hylis des Gozis, 1866
Tribe Dirhagini Reitter, 1911
Genus Protofarsus Muona, 1993
Genus Nematodinus Lea, 1919
Nematodinus lanierii (Guérin-Méneville, 1843)
Genus Entomophthalmus Bonvouloir, 1871
Genus Rhagomicrus Fleutiaux, 1902
Genus Golbachia Cobos, 1955
Genus Adelothyreus Chevrolat, 1867
Genus Microrhagus Dejean, 1833
Microrhagus subsinuatus LeConte, 1852 - Type; 2nd Type Synonymized Type (D. imperfectus)
Microrhagus vulcanicus Wickham - Extinct, Miocene Florissant fossil in Colorado
Genus Dirrhagofarsus Fleutiaux, 1935 - five adventive
Dirrhagofarsus ernae Otto, Muona & McClarin 2014
Genus Sarpedon Bonvouloir, 1871
Subfamily EUCNEMINAE Eschscholtz, 1829
Tribe Proutianini Muona, 1993
Genus Proutianus Muona, 1993
Tribe Dendrocharini Fleutiaux, 1920
Genus Dendrocharis Guérin-Méneville, 1843
Dendrocharis flavicornis (Guérin-Méneville, 1843)
Tribe Dyscharachthini Muona, 2000
Genus Dyscharachthis Blackburn, 1900
Tribe Mesogenini Muona, 1993
Genus Vitellius Bonvouloir, 1871
Genus Stethon LeConte, 1866
Tribe Eucnemini Eschscholtz, 1829
Genus Eucnemis Ahrens, 1812
Eucnemis piceous Muona and Otto, 2024
Genus Idiotarsus Bonvouloir, 1871
Subfamily DROMAEOLINAE Beauleau, 1919
Tribe Echthrogasterini Cobos, 1964
Genus Hemiopsida MacLeay, 1872
Tribe Euryptychini Mamaev, 1976
Genus Euryptychus LeConte, 1852
Tribe Dromaeolini Beauleau, 1919
Genus Diphytaxis Horn, 1890
Genus Onichodon Newman, 1838
Genus Serrifornax Fleutiaux, 1926
Genus Fornax Laporte, 1835
Fornax bicolor (Melsheimer, 1844)
Fornax relictus Wickham - Extinct, Miocene Florissant fossil in Colorado
Genus Isarthrus LeConte, 1852
Isarthrus calceatus (Say, 1836) - Type Synonymized Type (I. spretus)
Isarthrus rufipes (Melsheimer, 1844)
Genus Absensiugum Otto, Muona & Cordoba-Alfaro, 2023
Absensiugum teres (Horn, 1886) - Type; 2nd Type Synonymized Type (N. pavidus)
Genus Dromaeolus Kiesenwetter, 1858
Dromaeolus badius (Melsheimer, 1844)
Dromaeolus salsus Bonvouloir, 1871
Genus Asiocnemis Mamaev, 1976
Genus Thambus Bonvouloir, 1871
Thambus horni Muona, 2000 - Type Replaced name (D. pusillus)
Genus Deltometopus Bonvouloir, 1871
Deltometopus fossilis Wickham - Extinct, Miocene Florissant fossil in Colorado
Tribe Nematodini Leiler, 1976
Genus Nematodes Berthold, 1827
Genus Trigonopleurus Bonvouloir, 1871
Identification see (2) (many additions since)
ADULTS: in Eucnemidae antennomere 2 is attached subterminally to the scape (vs apically in Elateridae)
LARVAE- Often referred to as cross-grain borers. Four larval forms exist:
Buprestiform -- Larvae less sclerotized, often whitish, with expanded prothorax, much like in Buprestidae. These larvae will also have extremely small mandibles with outwardly projecting teeth. Some larvae will have some velvety patches on the surface of the segments and also will have elaborately shaped scleromes on the prothorax in the shape of a "T" or an inverted "L".
Elateriform -- heavily sclerotized, usually yellow-brown, wire-like and similar to elaterid larvae. head highly modified. These larvae will have lateral teeth on the outside edge of the head capsule. Their mandibles are extremely small with outwardly projecting teeth. The surface of each segment will be covered with velvety patches called microtricial patches.
Fusiform: usually not heavily armored, often whitish, with well expanded segments, similar to hymenopteran or dipteran larvae. Head capsules are either simplified and fleshy or armed with four to six anteriorally projecting teeth. Mandibles are not present, but possess a buccal region with labial and maxillary palpi. Larval types are primarily found in the tropics, but in case of the Nearctic region, may be present in two possibly three pantropical genera.
Onisciform: heavily sclerotized, generally flatter, with segments wider than long.
Range worldwide, most diverse in the tropical/subtropical regions Habitat woodlands/forests, especially with a diverse structure, adults in tree canopy and on/under bark, larvae in moist dead wood, hard seasoned wood or in soil near roots of dead/dying trees (usually with fungi present)
Season in s.US adults may be seen as early as March; in the Pacific Northwest, as early as April; in Upper Midwest, NE and lower sections of w.NA, since mid-May/early Jun Food Larvae may be feeding on fungal mycelia in wood (4)Life Cycle Some species undergo a hypermetamorphic lifecycle, with a first instar being a free-living non-parasitic triungulin. It will molt into a completely different larval form later on. Some fifth instar larvae will transition into a prepupal stage, before entering the pupal stage.
Some eucnemid larvae, espcially those similar to elaterid larvae have been observed to bore along the grain of the wood. Other larvae (buprestiform), on the other hand have been known to cut across the grain; these are usually found in the sapwood within 2‒3" from the surface.
Most Nearctic eucnemids overwinter as larvae and continue development in the following spring. Many species complete development in 1‒2[3] yrs. Pupal cells are constructed near the surface and larvae have been seen in a u-shaped position. Remarks The term false click beetle is a misnomer, many eucnemids can click. ―Robert Otto, 3.v.2008
exclusive hosts of Vanhorniidae(5)See Also Cerophytidae · Throscidae · Elateridae · Melandryidae (esp. Enchodes, Orchesia and Rushia) Print References see (6)(7) for new records not yet reflected in the Guide Works Cited | 1. | Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)
Bouchard P, Bousquet Y, Davies A, Alonso-Zarazaga M, Lawrence JF, Lyal CH, Newton A, Reid CA, Schmitt M, Ślipiński SA, Smith A. 2011. ZooKeys 88: 1–972. | |
| 2. | A revision of the Nearctic Eucnemidae
Muona J. 2000. Acta Zool. Fenn. 212: 1‒106. | |
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